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--- networking:atm_glossary [22/01/2025 13:59] – andrew
+++ networking:atm_glossary [24/06/2025 20:24] (current) – andrew
@@ Line 682: / Line 682: @@
 ===== Internet Addresses =====
- - the numbers used to identify hosts on an internet network. Internet host
+ - the numbers used to identify hosts on an internet network.
-numbers are divided into two parts; the first is the network number and the second, or local,
+Internet host numbers are divided into two parts; the first is the network number and the second, or local,
 part is a host number on that particular network. There are also three classes of networks in
 the Internet, based on the number of hosts on a given network. Large networks are classified
@@ Line 691: / Line 692: @@
 range 192-254 with a maximum of 254 hosts. Addresses are given as dotted decimal numbers
 in the following format:
 nnn.nnn.nnn.nnn
 In a Class A network, the first of the numbers is the network number, the last three numbers
 are the local host address.
 In a Class B network, the first two numbers are the network, the last two are the local host
 address.
 In a Class C network, the first three numbers are the network address, the last number is the
 local host address.
 The following table summarizes the classes and sizes:
-Class First # Max# Hosts
+^ Class ^ First ^ # Max# Hosts^
-A 1-126 16,387,064
+| A | 1-126 16,387,064|
-B 129-191 64,516
+| B | 129-191 64,516|
-C 192-223 254
+| C | 192-223 254|
 Network mask values are used to identify the network portion and the host portion of the
 address. For:
-Class A - the default mask is 255.0.0.0
+  - Class A - the default mask is 255.0.0.0
-Class B - the default mask is 255.255.0.0
+  - Class B - the default mask is 255.255.0.0
-Class C - the default mask is 255.255.255.0
+  - Class C - the default mask is 255.255.255.0
 Subnet masking is used when a portion of the host ID is used to identify a subnetwork. For
 example, if a portion of a Class B network address is used for a subnetwork, the mask could be
@@ Line 764: / Line 770: @@
 ence timing position.
-Jumper - a patch cable or wire used to establish a circuit, often temporarily, for testing or diag-
+===== Jumper =====
+ - a patch cable or wire used to establish a circuit, often temporarily, for testing or diag-
 nostics; also, the devices, shorting blocks, used to connect adjacent exposed pins on a printed
 circuit board that control the functionality of the card.
-LAN (Local Area Network) - a data network intended to serve an area of only a few square
+===== LAN (Local Area Network) =====
+ - a data network intended to serve an area of only a few square
 kilometers or less. Because the network is known to cover only a small area, optimizations can
 be made in the network signal protocols that permit higher data rates.
-lane - a program that provides control over the execution of the LAN Emulation Server (LES),
+===== lane =====
+ - a program that provides control over the execution of the LAN Emulation Server (LES),
 Broadcast/Unknown Server (BUS), and LAN Emulation Configuration Server (LECS) on the
 local host.
-ForeRunner HE/200E/LE ATM Adapters for the PC User’s Manual Glossary - 15
-Glossary
+===== LAN Access Concentrator =====
-Glossary
+ - a LAN access device that allows a shared transmission medium
-LAN Access Concentrator - a LAN access device that allows a shared transmission medium
 to accommodate more data sources than there are channels currently available within the
 transmission medium.
-LAPB (Link Access Procedure, Balanced) - Data link protocol in the X.25 protocol stack.
+===== LAPB =====
+ (Link Access Procedure, Balanced) - Data link protocol in the X.25 protocol stack.
 LAPB is a bit-oriented protocol derived from HDLC. See also HDLC and X.25.
-LAX-20 - a FORE Systems LAN Access Switch, designed to connect Ethernet, Token Ring, and
+===== LAX-20 =====
+ - a FORE Systems LAN Access Switch, designed to connect Ethernet, Token Ring, and
 FDDI LANs to ForeRunner ATM networks. The LAX-20 is a multiport, multiprotocol internet-
 working switch that combines the advantages of a high-performance LAN switch and a full-
 featured ATM interface capable of carrying LAN traffic.
-Layer Entity - an active layer within an element.
-Layer Function - a part of the activity of the layer entities.
+===== Layer Entity =====
-Layer Service - a capability of a layer and the layers beneath it that is provided to the upper
+ - an active layer within an element.
+===== Layer Function =====
+ - a part of the activity of the layer entities.
+===== Layer Service =====
+ - a capability of a layer and the layers beneath it that is provided to the upper
 layer entities at the boundary between that layer and the next higher layer.
-Layer User Data - the information transferred between corresponding entities on behalf of the
+===== Layer User Data =====
+ - the information transferred between corresponding entities on behalf of the
 upper layer or layer management entities for which they are providing services.
-le - a FORE program that implements both the LAN Emulation Server (LES) and the Broad-
+===== le =====
+ - a FORE program that implements both the LAN Emulation Server (LES) and the Broad-
 cast/Unknown Server (BUS).
-LEC (LAN Emulation Client) - the component in an end system that performs data forward-
-ing, address resolution, and other control functions when communicating with other compo-
+===== LEC (LAN Emulation Client) =====
-nents within an ELAN.
+ - the component in an end system that performs data forwarding, address resolution, and other control functions when communicating with other components within an ELAN.
-lecs - a FORE program that implements the assignment of individual LECs to different emu-
-lated LANs.
+===== lecs =====
-LECS (LAN Emulation Configuration Server) - the LECS is responsible for the initial config-
+ - a FORE program that implements the assignment of individual LECs to different emulated LANs.
-uration of LECs. It provides information about available ELANs that a LEC may join, together
-with the addresses of the LES and BUS associated with each ELAN.
+===== LECS (LAN Emulation Configuration Server) =====
-leq - a FORE program that provides information about an ELAN. This information is obtained
+ - the LECS is responsible for the initial configuration of LECs. It provides information about available ELANs that a LEC may join, together with the addresses of the LES and BUS associated with each ELAN.
+===== leq =====
+ - a FORE program that provides information about an ELAN. This information is obtained
 from the LES, and includes MAC addresses registered on the ELAN together with their corre-
 sponding ATM addresses.
-LES (LAN Emulation Server) - the LES implements the control coordination function for an
+===== LES (LAN Emulation Server) =====
+ - the LES implements the control coordination function for an
 ELAN. The LES provides the service of registering and resolving MAC addresses to ATM
 addresses.
-Link Down Trap - a CellPath 300 SNMP trap that signifies that the Ethernet interface has tran-
-sitioned from a normal state to an error state, or has been disconnected.
+===== Link Down Trap =====
-Link Up Trap - a CellPath 300 SNMP trap that signifies that the Ethernet interface has transi-
+ - a CellPath 300 SNMP trap that signifies that the Ethernet interface has transitioned from a normal state to an error state, or has been disconnected.
-tioned from an error condition to a normal state.
-Glossary - 16
+===== Link Up Trap =====
-ForeRunner HE/200E/LE ATM Adapters for the PC User’s Manual
+ - a CellPath 300 SNMP trap that signifies that the Ethernet interface has transitioned from an error condition to a normal state.
-Glossary
-LLC (Logical Link Control) - a protocol developed by the IEEE 802 committee for data-link-
-layer transmission control; the upper sublayer of the IEEE Layer 2 (OSI) protocol that comple-
+===== LLC (Logical Link Control) =====
-ments the MAC protocol; IEEE standard 802.2; includes end-system addressing and error
+ - a protocol developed by the IEEE 802 committee for data-link-
+layer transmission control; the upper sublayer of the IEEE Layer 2 (OSI) protocol that complements the MAC protocol; IEEE standard 802.2; includes end-system addressing and error
 checking.
-LOF (Loss Of Frame) - a type of transmission error that may occur in wide-area carrier lines.
-Loopback - a troubleshooting technique that returns a transmitted signal to its source so that
+===== LOF (Loss Of Frame) =====
+ - a type of transmission error that may occur in wide-area carrier lines.
+===== Loopback =====
+ - a troubleshooting technique that returns a transmitted signal to its source so that
 the signal can be analyzed for errors. Typically, a loopback is set at various points in a line
 until the section of the line that is causing the problem is discovered.
-looptest - a program that tests the interface for basic cell reception and transmission function-
-ality. It is usually used for diagnostic purposes to determine if an interface is functioning prop-
+===== looptest =====
-erly.
+ - a program that tests the interface for basic cell reception and transmission functionality. It is usually used for diagnostic purposes to determine if an interface is functioning properly.
-LOP (Loss Of Pointer) - a type of transmission error that may occur in wide-area carrier lines.
-LOS (Loss Of Signal) - a type of transmission error that may occur in wide-area carrier lines.
+===== LOP (Loss Of Pointer) =====
-MAC (Media Access Control) - a media-specific access control protocol within IEEE 802 spec-
+ - a type of transmission error that may occur in wide-area carrier lines.
-ifications; currently includes variations for Token Ring, token bus, and CSMA/CD; the lower
+===== LOS (Loss Of Signal) =====
+ - a type of transmission error that may occur in wide-area carrier lines.
+===== MAC (Media Access Control) =====
+ - a media-specific access control protocol within IEEE 802 specifications; currently includes variations for Token Ring, token bus, and CSMA/CD; the lower
 sublayer of the IEEE's link layer (OSI), which complements the Logical Link Control (LLC).
-MAU (Media Attachment Unit) - device used in Ethernet and IEEE 802.3 networks that pro-
-vides the interface between the AUI port of a station and the common medium of the Ether-
+===== MAU (Media Attachment Unit) =====
-net. The MAU, which can be built into a station or can be a separate device, performs physical
+ - device used in Ethernet and IEEE 802.3 networks that provides the interface between the AUI port of a station and the common medium of the Ethernet. The MAU, which can be built into a station or can be a separate device, performs physical layer functions including conversion of the digital data from the Ethernet interface, collision detection, and injection of bits onto the network.
-layer functions including conversion of the digital data from the Ethernet interface, collision
-detection, and injection of bits onto the network.
+===== Maximum Burst Tolerance =====
-Maximum Burst Tolerance - the largest burst of data that a network device is guaranteed to
+ - the largest burst of data that a network device is guaranteed to
 handle without discarding cells or packets. Bursts of data larger than the maximum burst size
 may be subject to discard.
-MCR (Minimum Cell Rate) - parameter defined by the ATM Forum for ATM traffic manage-
-ment. MCR is defined only for ABR transmissions, and specifies the minimum value for the
+===== MCR (Minimum Cell Rate) =====
-ACR.
+ - parameter defined by the ATM Forum for ATM traffic management. MCR is defined only for ABR transmissions, and specifies the minimum value for the ACR.
-Metasignalling - an ATM Layer Management (LM) process that manages different types of
-signalling and possibly semipermanent virtual channels (VCs), including the assignment,
+===== Metasignalling =====
+ - an ATM Layer Management (LM) process that manages different types of
+signalling and possibly semi-permanent virtual channels (VCs), including the assignment,
 removal, and checking of VCs.
-Metasignalling VCs - the standardized VCs that convey metasignalling information across a
+===== Metasignalling VCs =====
+ - the standardized VCs that convey metasignalling information across a
 User-to-Network Interface (UNI).
-MIB (Management Information Base) - the set of parameters that an SNMP management sta-
-tion can query or set in the SNMP agent of a networked device (e.g., router).
+===== MIB (Management Information Base) =====
-MIC (Media Interface Connector) - the optical fiber connector that joins the fiber to the FDDI
+ - the set of parameters that an SNMP management station can query or set in the SNMP agent of a networked device (e.g., router).
-controller.
-ForeRunner HE/200E/LE ATM Adapters for the PC User’s Manual Glossary - 17
+===== MIC (Media Interface Connector) =====
-Glossary
+ - the optical fiber connector that joins the fiber to the FDDI controller.
-Glossary
-MicroChannel - a proprietary 16- or 32-bit bus developed by IBM for its PS/2 computers’
+===== MicroChannel =====
+ - a proprietary 16- or 32-bit bus developed by IBM for its PS/2 computers’
 internal expansion cards; also offered by others.
-MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) - the largest unit of data that can be sent over a type of
-physical medium.
+===== MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) =====
-Multi-homed - a device that has both an ATM and another network connection, typically
+ - the largest unit of data that can be sent over a type of physical medium.
-Ethernet.
-Multiplexing - a function within a layer that interleaves the information from multiple con-
+===== Multi-homed =====
-nections into one connection (see demultiplexing).
+ - a device that has both an ATM and another network connection, typically Ethernet.
-Multipoint Access - user access in which more than one terminal equipment (TE) is sup-
+===== Multiplexing =====
+ - a function within a layer that interleaves the information from multiple connections into one connection (see demultiplexing).
+===== Multipoint Access =====
+ - user access in which more than one terminal equipment (TE) is sup-
 ported by a single network termination.
-Multipoint-to-Point Connection - a Point-to-Multipoint Connection may have zero band-
+===== Multipoint-to-Point Connection =====
+ - a Point-to-Multipoint Connection may have zero band-
 width from the Root Node to the Leaf Nodes, and non-zero return bandwidth from the Leaf
-Nodes to the Root Node. Such a connection is also known as a Multipoint-to-Point Connec-
+Nodes to the Root Node. Such a connection is also known as a Multipoint-to-Point Connection.
-tion.
-Multipoint-to-Multipoint Connection - a collection of associated ATM VC or VP links, and
+===== Multipoint-to-Multipoint Connection =====
-their associated endpoint nodes, with the following properties:
+ - a collection of associated ATM VC or VP links, and their associated endpoint nodes, with the following properties:
 . All N nodes in the connection, called Endpoints, serve as a Root Node in a Point-to-Multi-
 point connection to all of the (N-1) remaining endpoints.
 . Each of the endpoints can send information directly to any other endpoint, but the receiving
-endpoint cannot distinguish which of the endpoints is sending information without addi-
+endpoint cannot distinguish which of the endpoints is sending information without additional (e.g., higher layer) information.
-tional (e.g., higher layer) information.
-Near-End - in a relationship between two devices in a circuit, the near-end device is the one
+===== Near-End =====
+ - in a relationship between two devices in a circuit, the near-end device is the one
 that is local.
-Network Module - ATM port interface cards which may be individually added or removed
+===== Network Module =====
+ - ATM port interface cards which may be individually added or removed
 from any ForeRunner ATM switch to provide a diverse choice of connection alternatives. Each
 network module provides between one and six full-duplex ATM physical connections to the
 ForeRunner switch.
-NMS (Network Management Station) - the system responsible for managing a network or a
+===== NMS (Network Management Station) =====
+ - the system responsible for managing a network or a
 portion of a network. The NMS talks to network management agents, which reside in the
 managed nodes.
-NNI (Network-to-Network Interface or Network Node Interface) - the interface between two
-public network pieces of equipment.
+===== NNI (Network-to-Network Interface or Network Node Interface) =====
-nonvolatile - a term used to describe a data storage device (memory) that retains its contents
+ - the interface between two public network pieces of equipment.
+===== nonvolatile =====
+ - a term used to describe a data storage device (memory) that retains its contents
 when power is lost.
-Glossary - 18
-ForeRunner HE/200E/LE ATM Adapters for the PC User’s Manual
-Glossary
+===== NuBus =====
-NuBus - a high-speed bus used in the Macintosh family of computers, structured so that users
+ - a high-speed bus used in the Macintosh family of computers, structured so that users
 can put a card into any slot on the board without creating conflict over the priority between
-those cards
+those cards.
-OAM (Operation and Maintenance) Cell - a cell that contains ATM LM information. It does
-not form part of the upper layer information transfer.
+===== OAM (Operation and Maintenance) Cell =====
-octet - a grouping of 8 bits; similar, but not identical, to a byte.
+ - a cell that contains ATM LM information. It does not form part of the upper layer information transfer.
-OID (Object Identifier) - the address of a MIB variable.
-OOF (Out-of-Frame) - a signal condition and alarm in which some or all framing bits are lost.
+===== octet =====
-OpenView - Hewlett-Packard’s network management software.
+ - a grouping of 8 bits; similar, but not identical, to a byte.
-OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) - the 7-layer suite of protocols designed by ISO com-
-mittees to be the international standard computer network architecture.
+===== OID (Object Identifier) =====
-OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) Protocol - a routing algorithm for IP that incorporates
+ - the address of a MIB variable.
-least-cost, equal-cost, and load balancing.
-Out-of-Band Management - refers to switch configuration via the serial port or over Ether-
+===== OOF (Out-of-Frame) =====
-net, not ATM.
+ - a signal condition and alarm in which some or all framing bits are lost.
-packet - a group of bits - including information bits and overhead bits - transmitted as a com-
-plete package on a network. Usually smaller than a transmission block.
+===== OpenView =====
+ - Hewlett-Packard’s network management software.
+===== OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) =====
+ - the 7-layer suite of protocols designed by ISO committees to be the international standard computer network architecture.
+===== OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) Protocol =====
+ - a routing algorithm for IP that incorporates least-cost, equal-cost, and load balancing.
+Out-of-Band Management - refers to switch configuration via the serial port or over Ethernet, not ATM.
+===== packet =====
+ - a group of bits - including information bits and overhead bits - transmitted as a complete package on a network. Usually smaller than a transmission block.
 Packet Port - a port on the CellPath 300 that transmits and receives packet traffic.
 Packet Switching - a communications paradigm in which packets (messages) are individu-
@@ Line 1228: / Line 1300: @@
 VT (Virtual Tributary) - a structure used to carry payloads such as DS1s that run at signifi-
 cantly lower rates than STS-1s.
-WAN (Wide-Area Network) - a network that covers a large geographic area.
-ForeRunner HE/200E/LE ATM Adapters for the PC User’s Manual Glossary - 27
+===== WAN (Wide-Area Network) =====
-Glossary
+ - a network that covers a large geographic area.
-Glossary
-Warm Start Trap - a CellPath 300 SNMP trap that indicates that SNMP alarm messages or
+===== Warm Start Trap =====
-agents have been enabled.
+ - a CellPath 300 SNMP trap that indicates that SNMP alarm messages or agents have been enabled.
-Yellow Alarm - an alarm that occurs on a device when the signal from the device is not
-received at the far-end.
+===== Yellow Alarm =====
-X.21 - ITU-T standard for serial communications over synchronous digital lines. The X.21 pro-
+ - an alarm that occurs on a device when the signal from the device is not received at the far-end.
-tocol is used primarily in Europe and Japan.
-X.25 - ITU-T standard that defines how connections between DTE and DCE are maintained
+===== X.21 =====
+ - ITU-T standard for serial communications over synchronous digital lines. The X.21 protocol is used primarily in Europe and Japan.
+===== X.25 =====
+ - ITU-T standard that defines how connections between DTE and DCE are maintained
 for remote terminal access and computer communications in PDNs. X.25 specifies LAPB, a
-data link protocol, and PLP, a network layer protocol. Frame Relay has, to some degree, super-
+data link protocol, and PLP, a network layer protocol. Frame Relay has, to some degree, superseded X.25. See also Frame Relay, LAPB, and PLP.
-seded X.25. See also Frame Relay, LAPB, and PLP.
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