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--- networking:atm_glossary [22/01/2025 13:39] – andrew
+++ networking:atm_glossary [24/01/2025 01:50] (current) – [Jitter] andrew
@@ Line 425: / Line 425: @@
   - DS3 44.736 Mbps 28 DS1s
-  - Synchronous data rates (SONET) are defined as:
+    Synchronous data rates (SONET) are defined as:
-STS-1/OC-1 51.84 Mbps 28 DS1s or 1 DS3
+  - STS-1/OC-1 51.84 Mbps 28 DS1s or 1 DS3
-STS-3/OC-3 155.52 Mbps 3 STS-1s byte interleaved
+  - STS-3/OC-3 155.52 Mbps 3 STS-1s byte interleaved
-STS-3c/OC-3c 155.52 Mbps Concatenated, indivisible payload
+  - STS-3c/OC-3c 155.52 Mbps Concatenated, indivisible payload
-STS-12/OC-12 622.08 Mbps 12 STS-1s, 4 STS-3cs, or any mixture
+  - STS-12/OC-12 622.08 Mbps 12 STS-1s, 4 STS-3cs, or any mixture
-STS-12c/OC-12c 622.08 Mbps Concatenated, indivisible payload
+  - STS-12c/OC-12c 622.08 Mbps Concatenated, indivisible payload
-STS-48/OC-48 2488.32 Mbps 48 STS-1s, 16 STS-3cs, or any mixture
+  - STS-48/OC-48 2488.32 Mbps 48 STS-1s, 16 STS-3cs, or any mixture
-DSR (Data Set Ready) - an RS-232 modem interface control signal (sent from the modem to
-the DTE on pin 6) which indicates that the modem is connected to the telephone circuit. Usu-
+===== DSR (Data Set Ready) =====
-ally a prerequisite to the DTE issuing RTS.
+ - an RS-232 modem interface control signal (sent from the modem to
-DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) - generally user devices, such as terminals and computers,
+the DTE on pin 6) which indicates that the modem is connected to the telephone circuit. Usually a prerequisite to the DTE issuing RTS.
+===== DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) =====
+ - generally user devices, such as terminals and computers,
 that connect to data circuit-terminating equipment. They either generate or receive the data
 carried by the network.
-DTR (Data Terminal Ready) - an RS232 modem interface control signal (sent from the DTE to
+===== DTR (Data Terminal Ready) =====
+ - an RS232 modem interface control signal (sent from the DTE to
 the modem on pin 20) which indicates that the DTE is ready for data transmission and which
 requests that the modem be connected to the telephone circuit.
-ForeRunner HE/200E/LE ATM Adapters for the PC User’s Manual Glossary - 9
-Glossary
+===== DXI =====
-Glossary
+ - a generic phrase used in the full names of several protocols, all commonly used to allow
-DXI - a generic phrase used in the full names of several protocols, all commonly used to allow
 a pair of DCE and DTE devices to share the implementation of a particular WAN protocol. The
 protocols all define the packet formats used to transport data packets between DCE and DTE
 devices.
-E1 - Wide-area digital transmission scheme used predominantly in Europe that carries data at
+===== E1 =====
+ - Wide-area digital transmission scheme used predominantly in Europe that carries data at
 a rate of 2.048 Mbps. E1 lines can be leased for private use from common carriers.
-E3 - Wide-area digital transmission scheme used predominantly in Europe that carries data at
+===== E3 =====
+ - Wide-area digital transmission scheme used predominantly in Europe that carries data at
 a rate of 34.368 Mbps. E3 lines can be leased for private use from common carriers.
-EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) - an EPROM that can
-be cleared with electrical signals rather than the traditional ultraviolet light.
+===== EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) =====
-EFCI (Explicit Forward Congestion Indication) - the second bit of the payload type field in
+ - an EPROM that can be cleared with electrical signals rather than the traditional ultraviolet light.
-the header of an ATM cell, the EFCI bit indicates network congestion to receiving hosts. On a
-congested switch, the EFCI bit is set to “1” by the transmitting network module when a certain
+===== EFCI (Explicit Forward Congestion Indication) =====
-number of cells have accumulated in the network module’s shared memory buffer. When a
+ - the second bit of the payload type field in the header of an ATM cell, the EFCI bit indicates network congestion to receiving hosts. On a congested switch, the EFCI bit is set to “1” by the transmitting network module when a certain number of cells have accumulated in the network module’s shared memory buffer. When a cell is received that has its EFCI bit set to “1,” the receiving host notifies the sending host, which should then reduce its transmission rate.
-cell is received that has its EFCI bit set to “1,” the receiving host notifies the sending host,
-which should then reduce its transmission rate.
+===== EGP (Exterior Gateway) Protocol =====
-EGP (Exterior Gateway) Protocol - used by gateways in an internet, connecting autonomous
+ - used by gateways in an internet, connecting autonomous networks.
-networks.
-EIA (Electronics Industries Association) - a USA trade organization that issues its own
+===== EIA (Electronics Industries Association) =====
+ - a USA trade organization that issues its own
 standards and contributes to ANSI; developed RS-232. Membership includes USA manufac-
 turers.
-EISA (Extended Industry Standard Architecture) - a bus architecture for desktop computers
+===== EISA (Extended Industry Standard Architecture) =====
+ - a bus architecture for desktop computers
 that provides a 32-bit data passage while maintaining compatibility with the ISA or AT archi-
 tecture.
-elarp - a FORE program that shows and manipulates MAC and ATM address mappings for
-LAN Emulation Clients (LECs).
+===== elarp =====
-elconfig - a FORE program that shows and modifies LEC configuration. Allows the user to set
+ - a FORE program that shows and manipulates MAC and ATM address mappings for LAN Emulation Clients (LECs).
+===== elconfig =====
+ - a FORE program that shows and modifies LEC configuration. Allows the user to set
 the NSAP address of the LAN Emulation Configuration Server (LECS), display the list of
 Emulated LANs (ELANs) configured in the LECS for this host, display the list of ELANs
 locally configured along with the membership state of each, and locally administer ELAN
 membership.
-EM - the CellPath 300 extension module; paired with the system controller and supporting an
+===== EM =====
+ - the CellPath 300 extension module; paired with the system controller and supporting an
 optional PCMCIA card.
-Embedded SNMP Agent - an SNMP agent can come in two forms: embedded or proxy. An
+===== Embedded SNMP Agent =====
+ - an SNMP agent can come in two forms: embedded or proxy. An
 embedded SNMP agent is integrated into the physical hardware and software of the unit. The
 CellPath 300 has an internal, integrated SNMP agent.
-Glossary - 10
-ForeRunner HE/200E/LE ATM Adapters for the PC User’s Manual
+===== EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) =====
-Glossary
+ - signals generated and radiated by an electronic device
-EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) - signals generated and radiated by an electronic device
 that cause interference with radio communications, among other effects.
 End-to-End Connection - when used in reference to an ATM network, a connection that trav-
 els through an ATM network, passing through various ATM devices and with endpoints at the
 termination of the ATM network.
-EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (see PROM).
-EQL (Equalization) - the process of compensating for line distortions.
+===== EPROM =====
-ES (End System) - a system in which an ATM connection is terminated or initiated. An origi-
+ - Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (see PROM).
+===== EQL (Equalization) =====
+ - the process of compensating for line distortions.
+===== ES (End System) =====
+ - a system in which an ATM connection is terminated or initiated. An origi-
 nating end system initiates the ATM connection, and a terminating end system terminates the
 ATM connection. OAM cells may be generated and received.
-ES (Errored Seconds) - a second during which at least one code violation occurred.
-ESF (Extended Superframe) - T1 framing standard that provides frame synchronization,
+===== ES (Errored Seconds) =====
-cyclic redundancy, and data link bits.
+ - a second during which at least one code violation occurred.
-Ethernet - a 10-Mbps, coaxial standard for LANs in which all nodes connect to the cable
+===== ESF (Extended Superframe) =====
+ - T1 framing standard that provides frame synchronization, cyclic redundancy, and data link bits.
+===== Ethernet =====
+ - a 10-Mbps, coaxial standard for LANs in which all nodes connect to the cable
 where they contend for access.
-Fairness - as related to Generic Flow Control (GFC), fairness is defined as meeting all of the
+===== Fairness =====
+ - as related to Generic Flow Control (GFC), fairness is defined as meeting all of the
 agreed quality of service (QoS) requirements by controlling the order of service for all active
 connections.
-Far-End - in a relationship between two devices in a circuit, the far-end device is the one that
+===== Far-End =====
+ - in a relationship between two devices in a circuit, the far-end device is the one that
 is remote.
-FCC - a board of commissioners appointed by the President under the Communications Act of
+===== FCC =====
+ - a board of commissioners appointed by the President under the Communications Act of
 , with the authority to regulate all interstate telecommunications originating in the United
 States, including transmission over phone lines.
-FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) - high-speed data network that uses fiber-optic as
+===== FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) =====
+ - high-speed data network that uses fiber-optic as
 the physical medium. Operates in similar manner to Ethernet or Token Ring, only faster.
-FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) - a method of dividing an available frequency range
+===== FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) =====
+ - a method of dividing an available frequency range
 into parts with each having enough bandwidth to carry one channel.
-FEBE (Far End Block Error) - an error detected by extracting the 4-bit FEBE field from the
+===== FEBE (Far End Block Error) =====
+ - an error detected by extracting the 4-bit FEBE field from the
 path status byte (G1). The legal range for the 4-bit field is between 0000 and 1000, representing
 zero to eight errors. Any other value is interpreted as zero errors.
-FECN (Forward Explicit Congestion Notification) - bit set by a Frame Relay network to
+===== FECN (Forward Explicit Congestion Notification) =====
+ - bit set by a Frame Relay network to
 inform data terminal equipment (DTE) receiving the frame that congestion was experienced in
 the path from source to destination. DTE receiving frames with the FECN bit set can request
 that higher-level protocols take flow control action as appropriate. Compare with BECN.
+===== FERF (Far End Receive Failure) =====
+ - a line error asserted when a 110 binary pattern is detected
+in bits 6, 7, 8 of the K2 byte for five consecutive frames. A line FERF is removed when any pattern other than 110 is detected in these bits for five consecutive frames.
+===== FIFO (First-In, First-Out) =====
+ - a method of coordinating the sequential flow of data through a buffer.
+===== Flag =====
+ - a specific bit pattern used to identify the beginning or end of a frame.
-FERF (Far End Receive Failure) - a line error asserted when a 110 binary pattern is detected
-in bits 6, 7, 8 of the K2 byte for five consecutive frames. A line FERF is removed when any pat-
-tern other than 110 is detected in these bits for five consecutive frames.
-FIFO (First-In, First-Out) - a method of coordinating the sequential flow of data through a
-buffer.
-Flag - a specific bit pattern used to identify the beginning or end of a frame.
 Frame - a variable length group of data bits with a specific format containing flags at the
 beginning and end to provide demarcation.
-Frame Relay - a fast packet switching protocol based on the LAPD protocol of ISDN that per-
+===== Frame Relay =====
+ - a fast packet switching protocol based on the LAPD protocol of ISDN that per-
 forms routing and transfer with less overhead processing than X.25.
-Frame Synchronization Error - an error in which one or more time slot framing bits are in
+===== Frame Synchronization Error =====
+ - an error in which one or more time slot framing bits are in
 error.
-Framing - a protocol that separates incoming bits into identifiable groups so that the receiving
+===== Framing =====
+ - a protocol that separates incoming bits into identifiable groups so that the receiving
 multiplexer recognizes the grouping.
-FT-PNNI (ForeThought PNNI) - a FORE Systems routing and signalling protocol that uses pri-
-vate ATM (NSAP) addresses; a precursor to ATM Forum PNNI (see PNNI).
+===== FT-PNNI (ForeThought PNNI) =====
-FTP (File Transfer Protocol) - a TCP/IP protocol that lets a user on one computer access, and
+ - a FORE Systems routing and signalling protocol that uses private ATM (NSAP) addresses; a precursor to ATM Forum PNNI (see PNNI).
+===== FTP (File Transfer Protocol) =====
+ - a TCP/IP protocol that lets a user on one computer access, and
 transfer data to and from, another computer over a network. ftp is usually the name of the
 program the user invokes to accomplish this task.
-GCRA (Generic Cell Rate Algorithm) - an algorithm which is employed in traffic policing
+===== GCRA (Generic Cell Rate Algorithm) =====
+ - an algorithm which is employed in traffic policing
 and is part of the user/network service contract. The GCRA is a scheduling algorithm which
 ensures that cells are marked as conforming when they arrive when expected or later than
 expected and non-conforming when they arrive sooner than expected.
-GFC (Generic Flow Control) - the first four bits of the first byte in an ATM cell header. Used
+===== GFC (Generic Flow Control) =====
+ - the first four bits of the first byte in an ATM cell header. Used
 to control the flow of traffic across the User-to-Network Interface (UNI), and thus into the net-
 work. Exact mechanisms for flow control are still under investigation and no explicit defini-
@@ Line 552: / Line 605: @@
 (between network nodes), these four bits provide additional network address capacity, and
 are appended to the VPI field.)
-GIO - a proprietary bus architecture used in certain Silicon Graphics, Inc. workstations.
-Header - protocol control information located at the beginning of a protocol data unit.
+===== GIO =====
-HDB3 (High Density Bipolar) - line-code type standard for T1 where each block of three zeros
+ - a proprietary bus architecture used in certain Silicon Graphics, Inc. workstations.
+===== Header =====
+ - protocol control information located at the beginning of a protocol data unit.
+===== HDB3 (High Density Bipolar) =====
+ - line-code type standard for T1 where each block of three zeros
 is replaced by 00V or B0V, where B represents an inserted pulse conforming to the AMI rule
 (ITU-T G.701, item 9004) and V represents an AMI violation (ITU-T G.701, item 9007). The
@@ Line 560: / Line 619: @@
 odd (successive V pulses are of alternate polarity so that no d.c. component is introduced).
 Compare with AMI.
-Glossary - 12
-ForeRunner HE/200E/LE ATM Adapters for the PC User’s Manual
-Glossary
+===== HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control) =====
-HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control) - Bit-oriented synchronous data link layer protocol
+ - Bit-oriented synchronous data link layer protocol
 developed by the ISO. Derived from SDLC, HDLC specifies a data encapsulation method on
 synchronous serial links using frame characters and checksums. See also SDLC.
-HEC (Header Error Control) - a CRC code located in the last byte of an ATM cell header that
+===== HEC (Header Error Control) =====
+ - a CRC code located in the last byte of an ATM cell header that
 is used for checking cell integrity only.
-HIPPI (High Performance Parallel Interface) - ANSI standard that extends the computer bus
+===== HIPPI (High Performance Parallel Interface) =====
+ - ANSI standard that extends the computer bus
 over fairly short distances at speeds of 800 and 1600 Mbps.
-HPUX - the Hewlett-Packard version of UNIX.
-HSSI (High-Speed Serial Interface) - a serial communications connection that operates at
+===== HPUX =====
+ - the Hewlett-Packard version of UNIX.
+===== HSSI (High-Speed Serial Interface) =====
+ - a serial communications connection that operates at
 speeds of up to 1.544 Mbps.
-Hub - a device that connects several other devices, usually in a star topology.
-I/O Module - FORE’s interface cards for the LAX-20 LAN Access Switch, designed to connect
+===== Hub =====
+ - a device that connects several other devices, usually in a star topology.
+===== I/O Module =====
+ - FORE’s interface cards for the LAX-20 LAN Access Switch, designed to connect
 Ethernet, Token Ring, and FDDI LANs to ForeRunner ATM networks.
-ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) - the protocol that handles errors and control
+===== ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) =====
+ - the protocol that handles errors and control
 messages at the IP layer. ICMP is actually a part of the IP protocol layer. It can generate error
 messages, test packets, and informational messages related to IP.
-IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) - the world’s largest technical pro-
+===== IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) =====
+ - the world’s largest technical pro-
 fessional society. Based in the U.S., the IEEE sponsors technical conferences, symposia & local
 meetings worldwide, publishes nearly 25% of the world’s technical papers in electrical, elec-
 tronics & computer engineering, provides educational programs for members, and promotes
 standardization.
 IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) - a large, open, international community of network
 designers, operators, vendors and researchers whose purpose is to coordinate the operation,
-management and evolution of the Internet to resolve short- and mid-range protocol and archi-
+management and evolution of the Internet to resolve short- and mid-range protocol and architectural issues.
-tectural issues.
-ILMI (Interim Local Management Interface) - the standard that specifies the use of the Sim-
+===== ILMI (Interim Local Management Interface) =====
-ple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) and an ATM management information base
+ - the standard that specifies the use of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) and an ATM management information base (MIB) to provide network status and configuration information.
-(MIB) to provide network status and configuration information.
-Interface Data - the unit of information transferred to/from the upper layer in a single inter-
+===== Interface Data =====
+ - the unit of information transferred to/from the upper layer in a single inter-
 action across a SAP. Each Interface Data Unit (IDU) controls interface information and may
 also contain the whole or part of the SDU.
-internet - while an internet is a network, the term “internet” is usually used to refer to a collec-
+===== internet =====
+ - while an internet is a network, the term “internet” is usually used to refer to a collec-
 tion of networks interconnected with routers.
-Internet - (note the capital “I”) the largest internet in the world including large national back-
+===== Internet =====
+ - (note the capital “**I**”) the largest internet in the world including large national back-
 bone nets and many regional and local networks worldwide. The Internet uses the TCP/IP
 suite. Networks with only e-mail connectivity are not considered on the Internet.
-ForeRunner HE/200E/LE ATM Adapters for the PC User’s Manual Glossary - 13
-Glossary
+===== Internet Addresses =====
-Glossary
+ - the numbers used to identify hosts on an internet network.
-Internet Addresses - the numbers used to identify hosts on an internet network. Internet host
-numbers are divided into two parts; the first is the network number and the second, or local,
+Internet host numbers are divided into two parts; the first is the network number and the second, or local,
 part is a host number on that particular network. There are also three classes of networks in
 the Internet, based on the number of hosts on a given network. Large networks are classified
@@ Line 611: / Line 692: @@
 range 192-254 with a maximum of 254 hosts. Addresses are given as dotted decimal numbers
 in the following format:
 nnn.nnn.nnn.nnn
 In a Class A network, the first of the numbers is the network number, the last three numbers
 are the local host address.
 In a Class B network, the first two numbers are the network, the last two are the local host
 address.
 In a Class C network, the first three numbers are the network address, the last number is the
 local host address.
 The following table summarizes the classes and sizes:
-Class First # Max# Hosts
+^ Class ^ First ^ # Max# Hosts^
-A 1-126 16,387,064
+| A | 1-126 16,387,064|
-B 129-191 64,516
+| B | 129-191 64,516|
-C 192-223 254
+| C | 192-223 254|
 Network mask values are used to identify the network portion and the host portion of the
 address. For:
-Class A - the default mask is 255.0.0.0
+  - Class A - the default mask is 255.0.0.0
-Class B - the default mask is 255.255.0.0
+  - Class B - the default mask is 255.255.0.0
-Class C - the default mask is 255.255.255.0
+  - Class C - the default mask is 255.255.255.0
 Subnet masking is used when a portion of the host ID is used to identify a subnetwork. For
 example, if a portion of a Class B network address is used for a subnetwork, the mask could be
@@ Line 637: / Line 723: @@
 commonly see IP addresses written in “dot” notation; for instance, 192.228.32.14 (see IP net-
 mask).
-Glossary - 14
-ForeRunner HE/200E/LE ATM Adapters for the PC User’s Manual
+===== IP Netmask =====
-Glossary
+ - a pattern of 32 bits that is combined with an IP address to determine which bits
-IP Netmask - a pattern of 32 bits that is combined with an IP address to determine which bits
 of an IP address denote the network number and which denote the host number. Netmasks
 are useful for sub-dividing IP networks. IP netmasks are written in “dot” notation; for
 instance, 255.255.255.0 (see IP address).
-IPX Protocol (Internetwork Packet Exchange) - a NetWare protocol similar to the Xerox
+===== IPX Protocol =====
+ (Internetwork Packet Exchange) - a NetWare protocol similar to the Xerox
 Network Systems (XNS) protocol that provides datagram delivery of messages.
-IS (Intermediate system) - a system that provides forwarding functions or relaying functions
+===== IS (Intermediate system) =====
+ - a system that provides forwarding functions or relaying functions
 or both for a specific ATM connection. OAM cells may be generated and received.
-ISA Bus - a bus standard developed by IBM for expansion cards in the first IBM PC. The orig-
+===== ISA Bus =====
+ - a bus standard developed by IBM for expansion cards in the first IBM PC. The orig-
 inal bus supported a data path only 8 bits wide. IBM subsequently developed a 16-bit version
 for its AT class computers. The 16-bit AT ISA bus supports both 8- and 16-bit cards. The 8-bit
 bus is commonly called the PC/XT bus, and the 16-bit bus is called the AT bus.
-ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) - an emerging technology that is beginning to be
+===== ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) =====
+ - an emerging technology that is beginning to be
 offered by the telephone carriers of the world. ISDN combines voice and digital network ser-
 vices into a single medium or wire.
-ISO (International Standards Organization) - a voluntary, non treaty organization founded
+===== ISO (International Standards Organization) =====
+ - a voluntary, non treaty organization founded
 in 1946 that is responsible for creating international standards in many areas, including com-
 puters and communications.
-Isochronous - signals carrying embedded timing information or signals that are dependent
+===== Isochronous =====
+ - signals carrying embedded timing information or signals that are dependent
 on uniform timing; usually associated with voice and/or video transmission.
-ITU (International Telecommunications Union) - the telecommunications agency of the
-United Nations, established to provide standardized communications procedures and prac-
+===== ITU (International Telecommunications Union) =====
-tices, including frequency allocation and radio regulations, on a worldwide basis.
+ - the telecommunications agency of the
-J2 - Wide-area digital transmission scheme used predominantly in Japan that carries data at a
+United Nations, established to provide standardized communications procedures and practices, including frequency allocation and radio regulations, on a worldwide basis.
+===== J2 =====
+ - Wide-area digital transmission scheme used predominantly in Japan that carries data at a
 rate of 6.312 Mbps.
-Jitter - analog communication line distortion caused by variations of a signal from its refer-
+===== Jitter =====
+ - analog communication line distortion caused by variations of a signal from its refer-
 ence timing position.
-Jumper - a patch cable or wire used to establish a circuit, often temporarily, for testing or diag-
+===== Jumper =====
+ - a patch cable or wire used to establish a circuit, often temporarily, for testing or diag-
 nostics; also, the devices, shorting blocks, used to connect adjacent exposed pins on a printed
 circuit board that control the functionality of the card.
-LAN (Local Area Network) - a data network intended to serve an area of only a few square
+===== LAN (Local Area Network) =====
+ - a data network intended to serve an area of only a few square
 kilometers or less. Because the network is known to cover only a small area, optimizations can
 be made in the network signal protocols that permit higher data rates.
-lane - a program that provides control over the execution of the LAN Emulation Server (LES),
+===== lane =====
+ - a program that provides control over the execution of the LAN Emulation Server (LES),
 Broadcast/Unknown Server (BUS), and LAN Emulation Configuration Server (LECS) on the
 local host.
-ForeRunner HE/200E/LE ATM Adapters for the PC User’s Manual Glossary - 15
-Glossary
+===== LAN Access Concentrator =====
-Glossary
+ - a LAN access device that allows a shared transmission medium
-LAN Access Concentrator - a LAN access device that allows a shared transmission medium
 to accommodate more data sources than there are channels currently available within the
 transmission medium.
-LAPB (Link Access Procedure, Balanced) - Data link protocol in the X.25 protocol stack.
+===== LAPB =====
+ (Link Access Procedure, Balanced) - Data link protocol in the X.25 protocol stack.
 LAPB is a bit-oriented protocol derived from HDLC. See also HDLC and X.25.
-LAX-20 - a FORE Systems LAN Access Switch, designed to connect Ethernet, Token Ring, and
+===== LAX-20 =====
+ - a FORE Systems LAN Access Switch, designed to connect Ethernet, Token Ring, and
 FDDI LANs to ForeRunner ATM networks. The LAX-20 is a multiport, multiprotocol internet-
 working switch that combines the advantages of a high-performance LAN switch and a full-
 featured ATM interface capable of carrying LAN traffic.
-Layer Entity - an active layer within an element.
-Layer Function - a part of the activity of the layer entities.
+===== Layer Entity =====
-Layer Service - a capability of a layer and the layers beneath it that is provided to the upper
+ - an active layer within an element.
+===== Layer Function =====
+ - a part of the activity of the layer entities.
+===== Layer Service =====
+ - a capability of a layer and the layers beneath it that is provided to the upper
 layer entities at the boundary between that layer and the next higher layer.
-Layer User Data - the information transferred between corresponding entities on behalf of the
+===== Layer User Data =====
+ - the information transferred between corresponding entities on behalf of the
 upper layer or layer management entities for which they are providing services.
-le - a FORE program that implements both the LAN Emulation Server (LES) and the Broad-
+===== le =====
+ - a FORE program that implements both the LAN Emulation Server (LES) and the Broad-
 cast/Unknown Server (BUS).
-LEC (LAN Emulation Client) - the component in an end system that performs data forward-
-ing, address resolution, and other control functions when communicating with other compo-
+===== LEC (LAN Emulation Client) =====
-nents within an ELAN.
+ - the component in an end system that performs data forwarding, address resolution, and other control functions when communicating with other components within an ELAN.
-lecs - a FORE program that implements the assignment of individual LECs to different emu-
-lated LANs.
+===== lecs =====
-LECS (LAN Emulation Configuration Server) - the LECS is responsible for the initial config-
+ - a FORE program that implements the assignment of individual LECs to different emulated LANs.
-uration of LECs. It provides information about available ELANs that a LEC may join, together
-with the addresses of the LES and BUS associated with each ELAN.
+===== LECS (LAN Emulation Configuration Server) =====
-leq - a FORE program that provides information about an ELAN. This information is obtained
+ - the LECS is responsible for the initial configuration of LECs. It provides information about available ELANs that a LEC may join, together with the addresses of the LES and BUS associated with each ELAN.
+===== leq =====
+ - a FORE program that provides information about an ELAN. This information is obtained
 from the LES, and includes MAC addresses registered on the ELAN together with their corre-
 sponding ATM addresses.
-LES (LAN Emulation Server) - the LES implements the control coordination function for an
+===== LES (LAN Emulation Server) =====
+ - the LES implements the control coordination function for an
 ELAN. The LES provides the service of registering and resolving MAC addresses to ATM
 addresses.
 Link Down Trap - a CellPath 300 SNMP trap that signifies that the Ethernet interface has tran-
 sitioned from a normal state to an error state, or has been disconnected.